How to Get Dual Citizenship in Spain

Imagine having the freedom to work, live, and travel between two countries without the usual restrictions. Sounds appealing, doesn’t it? Well, Spain offers a pathway for those seeking to obtain dual citizenship, but it’s not as straightforward as simply applying for a passport. There are certain legal hoops to jump through, rules to understand, and, depending on your nationality, some hurdles that might make the process easier or harder.

A Complex Journey Worth Pursuing

Spain, known for its rich history, sun-soaked beaches, and vibrant cities, is a popular destination for expats and global citizens alike. Having dual citizenship here could open doors, but Spain doesn’t openly allow dual citizenship for everyone. The rules vary based on where you are from, your family heritage, and your current nationality. This makes the pursuit of Spanish citizenship a bit complex, yet manageable if you understand the necessary steps.

Before diving into how to secure Spanish dual citizenship, let’s set the stage with some important legal considerations:

1. Spain’s General Stance on Dual Citizenship: Generally, Spain doesn’t fully recognize dual citizenship except in specific cases, mainly for individuals from Latin American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal, and Sephardic Jews. For these groups, dual citizenship is recognized, and they don’t need to renounce their current nationality. For others, the process involves renouncing their previous nationality to become a Spanish citizen.

2. Residency and Citizenship through Naturalization: This is where many non-Latin Americans and others begin their journey. To apply for Spanish citizenship through naturalization, most foreigners must live in Spain for 10 years legally and continuously. This residency period is reduced to just two years for Latin Americans, citizens of Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, or Portugal. It is further reduced to one year for those married to a Spanish citizen, those born in Spain, or the children of Spanish parents.

3. The Sephardic Jewish Route: If you can prove descent from the Sephardic Jews who were expelled from Spain in the late 15th century, you can apply for Spanish citizenship without needing to live in Spain first. This has been a significant avenue for those with Sephardic Jewish ancestry to reconnect with their Spanish roots.

The Process in Detail: Key Steps for Obtaining Spanish Dual Citizenship

Let’s break down the journey to dual citizenship in Spain, step by step, focusing on the two main routes—naturalization and the Sephardic Jewish heritage path.

1. Naturalization: A Decade of Residency

Most foreign nationals pursue citizenship through the naturalization route, but you must fulfill Spain’s residency requirements. This involves:

• Living in Spain for at least 10 years: During this period, you’ll need to hold a valid residence permit, maintain continuous residence, and prove ties to Spain.
• Demonstrating good moral conduct: Applicants must have a clean criminal record, both in Spain and their country of origin.
• Passing the DELE and CCSE Exams: These are Spanish language and constitutional knowledge tests, ensuring you understand Spain’s culture, legal framework, and language.

Once you meet these conditions, you can submit your application for naturalization, which will be evaluated by the authorities.

2. The Sephardic Jewish Path

For descendants of Sephardic Jews expelled during the Spanish Inquisition, the process is more streamlined. To take this path:

• Proof of ancestry: You’ll need documents or genealogical records proving your Sephardic Jewish heritage.
• Connection to Spain: Show that you maintain a current connection to Spain, often through Spanish language skills, cultural ties, or involvement with Spanish communities.

Once you’ve demonstrated these connections, the application process moves relatively quickly, often without requiring any residency in Spain beforehand.

Renouncing Citizenship: Is It Necessary?

Here’s where the dual part gets tricky. If you’re from a country that Spain doesn’t recognize for dual citizenship, like the United States, you’re technically required to renounce your previous citizenship. However, many people in practice don’t follow through on this renunciation, since other countries might not recognize Spain’s requirements, allowing individuals to unofficially hold dual citizenship. The renunciation ceremony in Spain can sometimes be more symbolic than legally binding.

This gray area gives many applicants the opportunity to retain their original citizenship while also obtaining Spanish citizenship, but it depends on your home country’s laws.

Benefits of Dual Citizenship in Spain

Now that we’ve covered the “how,” let’s explore the “why” behind seeking Spanish dual citizenship. Beyond the allure of living in one of Europe’s most iconic countries, there are many reasons why people strive for dual citizenship in Spain:

• Freedom of Movement: As a Spanish citizen, you’ll have the right to live, work, and travel freely within the European Union’s 27 member countries.
• Access to Social Benefits: Spain offers a strong healthcare system, robust public services, and affordable education for its citizens.
• Business Opportunities: Spain’s economy is diverse, offering opportunities in tourism, technology, agriculture, and international trade. As a dual citizen, you’ll have access to these markets without bureaucratic restrictions.

Challenges and Considerations

While the benefits are enticing, obtaining dual citizenship in Spain comes with challenges:

1. Taxes: Spain taxes worldwide income for its residents. Depending on where you’re from, this could lead to double taxation unless your home country has a tax treaty with Spain.
2. Legal Complexities: Depending on your country of origin, the renunciation process can be more than symbolic. You’ll need to weigh whether obtaining Spanish citizenship is worth potentially losing the rights and privileges of your current nationality.
3. Time and Commitment: Securing Spanish citizenship is a time-consuming process, especially if you’re applying through naturalization. You’ll need patience, legal support, and a deep understanding of Spanish law.

Final Thoughts: The Road to Becoming a Spanish Citizen

So, is dual citizenship in Spain worth it? For many, the answer is a resounding yes. While the path may be complex and filled with legal nuances, the potential rewards—freedom of movement, economic opportunities, and the richness of living in a culturally vibrant country—can outweigh the challenges. Whether you’re a long-term resident of Spain, of Sephardic Jewish heritage, or simply drawn to the idea of holding dual citizenship, Spain offers pathways for those willing to navigate its legal framework.

For some, the road is long and filled with bureaucratic challenges, while others may find a quicker route through heritage or marriage. No matter your path, the key is persistence, preparation, and a clear understanding of both Spain’s laws and your home country’s citizenship requirements.